{"id":18950,"date":"2023-04-18T11:20:35","date_gmt":"2023-04-18T10:20:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/?p=18950"},"modified":"2026-06-08T15:07:25","modified_gmt":"2026-06-08T14:07:25","slug":"interview-roberto-assagioli-psychosynthesis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/en\/interview-roberto-assagioli-psychosynthesis\/","title":{"rendered":"Roberto Assagioli and Psychosynthesis (Interview by Stuart Miller)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Psychosynthesis is not control but freedom: the harmonization of personality around a Self that can conduct its many parts like an orchestra, instead of being driven by them.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"roberto-assagioli-and-psychosynthesis-miller\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By Roberto Assagioli<\/strong>, interviewed by Stuart Miller<\/strong>
Published in Popular Psychology<\/em>, 1972
Assagioli Archives, Florence, Doc. #24343<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Editorial Note<\/strong>
The Assagioli Archives date this interview to 1972, supported by the published endnote that The Act of Will was forthcoming in Spring 1973. References to books and psychosynthesis centers were appended at the time of publication. This is a primary-source interview with Roberto Assagioli. The abstract and contextual subtitle in this online edition have been added by the editor, Kenneth S\u00f8rensen, to support readability, navigation, and archival consistency. The original wording has not been altered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In this interview, Roberto Assagioli explains psychosynthesis in his own words to Stuart Miller, then director of Esalen. He presents it less as a technique than as a way of remembering the Self, the center of self-awareness from which a person can conduct the personality rather than be driven by its roles and moods. He maps the lower, middle, and higher unconscious, places inspiration and religious experience in the superconscious, and shows how psychosynthesis uses analysis without getting lost in it, drawing on active methods from the ideal model to the harmonization of personality around the Higher Self.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Stuart Miller: What is Psychosynthesis?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roberto Assagioli:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> It is not a technique. That’s clear. Nor is it a specific psychological theory or a philosophy. Pragmatic in spirit, psychosynthesis\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>includes<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u00a0techniques, makes some important theoretical\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>statements,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u00a0and remains carefully less than systematic. It is an open-ended\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>approach<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u00a0to taking into account all the known facts about man’s inner life. In a sense, as I make clear in my personal statement, psychosynthesis with a small \u201cp\u201d is a natural process, something that is going on all the time, and Psychosynthesis with a capital \u201cP\u201d is just the sum of all the information we have about how to enhance and accelerate that process.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stuart Miller: What process are you talking about?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roberto Assagioli:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> I mean the process of the\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>harmonization of personality.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u00a0Two of the key concepts of psychosynthesis are the\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Self<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u00a0and the\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>personal functions.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u00a0The idea of \u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bharmonizing the personality is an old one, but put here into modern psychological language.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stuart Miller:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>  Much of Assagioli’s contribution is just that, updating our understanding of old and sometimes lost notions. By the Self, Assagioli means, first of all, the core of the personality; what Freud, himself, called the ego; what comes to mind when we say \u201cI.\u201d For Assagioli, it is, above everything, the  <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>experience<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em>  of self-awareness.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roberto Assagioli:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u00a0We go to sleep at night and this experience disappears. We awake, and we’ve suddenly got it back. Now, part of the problems we all have is accounted for by the fact that we forget our Selves, too often, while we are awake. We identify with the contents of our consciousness or with roles.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stuart Miller: Why is that so bad?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roberto Assagioli:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> It isn’t bad, necessarily, but it can and frequently does get us into trouble. To take a simple example, instead of identifying himself with himself, a businessman can identify himself with the\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>role<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u00a0of being a businessman. So he comes to feel that his very Self depends on his being successful, his very identity. That is, of course, an illusion. His Self is his, he exists, the fault is in not remembering. But you see businessmen who forget so much that they drive themselves to ulcers and even to suicide. Remember the bankrupt millionaires who dived out of windows during the Crash of ’29. They forgot who they were. Trouble is that so many of us are so attached to identifying with parts of our personalities that we forget our Selves: we become the student, the mother, the child, the gambler, the lover. That’s all right for us when things are going well, but it’s terrible when things go badly.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stuart Miller: It sounds like you are talking about a fundamental issue of human freedom.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roberto Assagioli: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> Yes. The Self is the locus of human freedom. Remember your Self, stay conscious of the experience of self-awareness and you are free to meet life.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stuart Miller: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> To Assagioli, this is basic, and it frequently brings him to use the image of the orchestra conductor.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roberto Assagioli:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u00a0If one can operate from his self-conscious center, remembering who he is, then he can\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>use<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u00a0the various elements of his personality. Instead of letting them use him. So one can choose to be the teacher or the lover or the businessman at will, and turn those roles off, at will.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stuart Miller: How does one learn how to do that? It sounds easy to say but hard to achieve.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stuart Miller: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> It is hard, and one shouldn’t be deceived in reading Assagioli into thinking that what he talks about can be easily achieved. He himself says that just because he tries to write about these things simply doesn’t mean that they are simple to achieve.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roberto Assagioli: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> On the other hand, they aren’t that complicated or hard. I mean that we have found that a little bit of regular effort, even a few minutes a day, can pay enormous dividends. One place to start is simply by learning first to recognize and then to disidentify from everything but the Self: emotions, the body, your thoughts, all the roles. A lot of people think, for example, that they are their thoughts, but a moment of introspection will show them that there is somebody behind their thoughts. I mean that each of us can  <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>observe <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> his thoughts. So, who is the observer? The Self, of course.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stuart Miller:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u00a0Learning to self-identify can provide the basis for becoming the\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>conductor of the orchestra<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> of the personality. (One diagram that Assagioli uses may help here.)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>

\"star<\/a><\/p>

The self, at the center, can gradually disentangle itself from the other personality functions and learn to control and harmonize them.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>

In this way, for instance, instead of being a victim of one’s emotions, one can learn to dominate them. Thus, one can be angry at will, or even happy, at will.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>

Stuart Miller: I’m amazed to hear all this talk about controlling emotions, and even about control in general. After all, if Esalen has become famous for any one thing it is the wisdom of giving up control, of letting go.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>

Roberto Assagioli:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> This is a subtle matter and pretty complicated, but I’ll try to give you a brief answer. One problem which many people have in our society, and one reason why many come to Esalen, is that they are too controlled. So many of them say that they can’t\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>feel<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u00a0and they want to learn how. Others say that their bodies are too tight and they want to let go. Still others say they think too much and they want to get out of their heads.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>

They are right, of course; they are controlled. But it is not they, not their Selves, which is doing the controlling, Instead, it is their identification with one or another psychological role or function.\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>The over-intellectualized engineer who comes to Esalen saying he wants to “get out of his head” is controlled by certain aspects of his mind and by the sub-personality that identifies him with functional thinking.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u00a0In the\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>star<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> \u00a0diagram, he would be all mind and the other functions would be tiny shadows; the Self would be outside the diagram altogether. So, the first thing he must learn is that he\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>has\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> feelings, that he\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>has<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u00a0imagination, and so on. That he is more\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>complete<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u00a0than he thinks. To learn that he must allow the thinking sub-personality controlling him to let go of him. In the process, a curious thing happens: people become conscious not only of unused psychological functions, they also become conscious of personal power, of themselves. So, the first stage is\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>release<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u00a0from outer control, then\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>self-identification,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u00a0then\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>development in<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u00a0a harmonious way of all the powers we have.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>

Stuart Miller:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> This is all so conscious, so premeditated. Doesn’t Assagioli recognize the unconscious and all its demons?\u00a0 Definitely. In fact, Assagioli was one of the pioneers of psychoanalysis in Italy, in 1910. He knew Freud, personally, and was a co-worker of Jung. And he believes that the unconscious is one of the great discoveries of modern psychology. However, he has a wonderfully broad-gauge understanding of the unconscious. Freud and most of his followers in psychoanalysis emphasized the\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>lower<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u00a0aspects of the unconscious: animal drives and so forth. Assagioli believes that there are, roughly speaking, three levels of the unconscious. He uses another diagram to illustrate this.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Roberto Assagioli:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> The lower unconscious, Number 1, is what Freud mostly talked about. It is the primitive man, both individually and as a species. The middle unconscious is all that we are unconscious of in everyday life\u2014for example, the thoughts and images flashing through our minds and imaginations, errands we can remember to do or may forget, and so on. The higher unconscious, however, is relatively unexplored by modern psychology and it is also a strong ally, if mobilized, in the process of making ourselves into all we want to be. The superconscious, or higher unconscious, is the source of artistic inspiration, of ethical inspiration, of religious experience, of moral inspiration. And it can seem to be even outside of us. So poets traditionally refer to the Muse as the source of their inspiration.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>

One of the things that a lot of people have been waking up to in our culture is that the superconscious can be cultivated, that ways can be found to bring its contents down, out into the open. A lot of the enthusiasm for various meditative techniques, inner imagery work, and creativity training comes from this realization. By evoking these higher energies \u2014 some call them \u201ctrans-personal\u201d \u2014 one gains a strong ally in the process of synthesizing one’s personality.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>

Stuart Miller: It still sounds a little facile. What about the Freudian demons, the dark forces within us? Are they ignored?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>

Roberto Assagioli:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> Not at all. In practice, Psychosynthesis, when practiced by an educator or a therapist, begins with an “analytic” phase. In the sense of “psychoanalytic.” By that is meant that one attempts to analyze the\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>blockages<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u00a0to personal development and then to analyze their causes. One might even use the techniques of classical analysis: free association and so forth. However, one is not limited to Freudian techniques in dealing with blockages. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>

Many\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>active\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> techniques can be used to give perspective on and freedom from a childhood problem with a parent, for example. So, one can use not only free association, talk, and dream analysis, but also psychodrama, cathartic techniques, free drawing, and also more positive techniques like the \u201cideal model.\u201d That is,\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>imagining<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u00a0and\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>acting as if<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u00a0one has already solved the problem.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>

Stuart Miller:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> Naturally, one must reckon with Freud:\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>repression<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u00a0of problems is not solving them. On the other hand, and this is my second point, one doesn’t have to wallow endlessly in childhood remembrances, ten years on the couch, in search of cleaning out\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>all\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> the garbage purportedly in one’s past. That’s too frequently the approach of psychoanalysis, and I think, personally, it’s an illusion and wasteful of time. Assagioli, of course, wouldn’t use such harsh words; he’s very sunny and good-tempered. But I think that one of the advantages of psychosynthesis is that it uses psychoanalysis but doesn’t get lost in it. For me, as a director of Esalen, one of the most exciting things about Assagioli’s theories is that they provide room for all of our approaches to human growth: encounter, psychoanalysis, meditation, sensory awareness, gestalt therapy, the myriad body disciplines, transactional analysis, rational-emotive therapy, and so forth. Each and all of these can be useful to\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>particular<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> \u00a0people at\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>particular\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> points in their own personal development. Thus, a man may need at various times to analyze various blocks, or learn to feel his emotional energy in encounter, or learn to use his imagination by means of inner imagery techniques.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>

Stuart Miller: What about this concept of \u201cThe Higher Self in the second diagram?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>

Roberto Assagioli:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> I’m glad you asked that at the end, because it allows me to say that there is an enormous amount of fundamental material we haven’t covered in this brief interview.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>

Stuart Miller:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em> People who are interested can read at greater length in Assagioli’s books. The Higher Self or the Transpersonal Self is one of the subtler concepts, but I’ll put it this way. I think each of us knows that in him, related somehow to his purest identity, is an energy, perhaps one could say a being, a force, that represents the highest in him. In the old religious language, people used to call this the spirit or essence or\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>soul<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> . To some extent it is a mystery. But one of the most exciting things about Assagioli’s works is that he has brought this mystery into the center of modern psychological thought, and without ever leaving behind all the more mundane realities with which each of us has to cope. \u25a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Psychosynthesis is not control but freedom: the harmonization of personality around a Self that can conduct its many parts like an orchestra, instead of being driven by them. By Roberto Assagioli, interviewed by Stuart MillerPublished in Popular Psychology, 1972Assagioli Archives, Florence, Doc. #24343 Editorial NoteThe Assagioli Archives date this interview to 1972, supported by the 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