{"id":20426,"date":"2023-11-08T11:34:36","date_gmt":"2023-11-08T10:34:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/?p=20426"},"modified":"2026-05-21T12:15:40","modified_gmt":"2026-05-21T11:15:40","slug":"bio-psychodynamic-and-psychotherapy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/en\/bio-psychodynamic-and-psychotherapy\/","title":{"rendered":"Bio-Psychodynamics and Psychotherapy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 id=\"h-assagioli-s-history-of-the-methods-of-psychotherapy-and-their-importance-for-the-healing-of-psychological-conflicts-ending-in-the-four-stage-psychosynthesis-he-offers-as-the-synthesis-of-them-all\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Assagioli&#8217;s history of the methods of psychotherapy and their importance for the healing of psychological conflicts, ending in the four-stage psychosynthesis he offers as the synthesis of them all.<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/psychotherapy-and-psychosynthesis.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1025\" height=\"576\" data-id=\"20438\" src=\"https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/psychotherapy-and-psychosynthesis.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-20438\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/psychotherapy-and-psychosynthesis.png 1025w, https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/psychotherapy-and-psychosynthesis-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/psychotherapy-and-psychosynthesis-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/psychotherapy-and-psychosynthesis-400x225.png 400w, https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/psychotherapy-and-psychosynthesis-419x235.png 419w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1025px) 100vw, 1025px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By <strong>Dr. Roberto Assagioli<\/strong><br>Published in <em>RADIESTESIA<\/em>, July\u2013September 1950.<br>Doc. #23111, Assagioli Archive, Florence.<br>Original title: <em>Bio-psicodinamica e Psicoterapia<\/em><br>Translated and edited with notes by Jan Kuniholm<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Editorial Note<\/strong><br>The abstract and contextual subtitle in this online edition have been added by the editor, Kenneth S\u00f8rensen, to support readability, navigation, and archival consistency. The original wording has not been altered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dots\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"h-abstract\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Abstract <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this essay, Roberto Assagioli surveys the methods of psychotherapy that had developed across the previous half-century, framing the article as preparation for his fuller exposition of &#8220;bio-psychodynamics.&#8221; He traces catharsis from Aristotle through Janet, Breuer, and Freud; hypnosis through Mesmer, Bernheim, and Charcot; the rise of suggestion and Cou\u00e9&#8217;s autosuggestion (refined scientifically by Baudouin); Dubois&#8217;s persuasion method, which addresses the conscious rational mind; the splits between Freud, Jung, and Adler; and Watson&#8217;s behaviorism. He closes with psychosynthesis as his proposed synthesis, organised in four clinical stages: knowledge of the personality, disidentification, self-realisation through an &#8220;ideal model,&#8221; and personality reconstruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dots\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Our valued collaborator Dr. Roberto Assagioli has for some years been developing the concepts and applications of a new science,&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> bio-psychodynamics <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">, in which the principles, laws and techniques of energetics and physical dynamics, especially electrical dynamics, are extended to biological, psychological and spiritual life.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Such a science does not have to be created&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> ex novo ( <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">from scratch). There are already a number of contributions by various authors (such as Janet, Freud, Jung, A. Bailey, De Sanctis and Assagioli himself) on certain aspects of psychodynamics, such as \u201cpsychic potential,\u201d mental level oscillations, psychological polarity, transformations and sublimations of psychic energies, etc.; <\/span><\/span><\/em><a id=\"note-1\" href=\"#notes-1\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[i]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;but the coordination and systematization of these contributions into an organic science is lacking so far.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Dr. Assagioli has promised to give our journal an article in which the first&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> lines of a bio-psychodynamics&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">will be seen forth. But \u2014 since a good part of the facts on which he bases this study are drawn from the direct experience of his psychotherapeutic activity with patients, as well as that of other psychotherapists \u2014 he considers it appropriate, for the better understanding of what he will expound, to have that study preceded by the following article, in which a clear \u201cpanorama\u201d of the methods used by modern scientific psychotherapy is offered. \u2014 Editor,&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Dowsing <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Psychological methods of treatment \u2014 while they constitute effective, and in many cases irreplaceable, weapons against numerous diseases \u2014 in their rapid and varied development also reflect the profound changes that have taken place in the field of culture since the last decades of the last century. So their knowledge may be of interest to anyone who wants to discern &#8220;the signs of the times,&#8221; even apart from the practical value of those methods.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The basis on which psychotherapy is founded consists in the growing recognition of the very strong influence of moral life on physical life. This influence had always been more or less admitted, but its extent and depth had not hitherto been discovered, and it had not been used methodically and scientifically for healing purposes.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/zHGGpQH_z3E?si=4fUp3A9gFo7IIKhv\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">In the period of the last century, when materialism prevailed, that influence was neglected, if not denied, to accentuate instead the dependence of the psyche on the body. But more open-minded positivist physicians who were free of preconceptions were led by their own observations of the sick, first to recognize that influence, and then to make use of it. Thus the French psychiatrist Charcot, <\/span><\/span><a id=\"note-2\" href=\"#notes-2\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[ii]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;already around 1860, went so far as to title one of his papers&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">La foi qui gu\u00e9rit<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> . <\/span><\/span><a id=\"note-3\" href=\"#notes-3\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[iii]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;The slightly later studies of another French physician, Pierre Janet, <\/span><\/span><a id=\"note-4\" href=\"#notes-4\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[iv]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;in&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">L&#8217;automatisme psychologique<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , <\/span><\/span><a id=\"note-5\" href=\"#notes-5\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[v]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;revealed the importance of the unconscious as a conduit of psychic influences on the body, and confirmed and extended Charcot&#8217;s somewhat simpler investigations and applications. Similar studies were being done, at about the same time, in England and elsewhere.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Before briefly expounding the development and respective value of the various methods of psychic treatment, it should be made clear that psychotherapy should be differentiated into two different branches, according to the different fields of action in which it can be explained.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">First there is general psychotherapy, which can and should be applied in every illness, since, given the actions and reactions that continually take place between body and psyche, there is a psychological factor in every illness (the mere fact of falling ill constitutes a small or large psychic trauma).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">An American surgeon, who had directed a Red Cross hospital during the Balkan wars (1912-1913), in which Serbs and Bulgarians had been victors and vanquished, assured me that he had found that the wounds of the victors regularly healed faster than those of the vanquished. The state of mind, whether elevated or depressed through sleep, appetite and organic regeneration, significantly affected the healing processes. Another American surgeon systematically uses psychotherapy in his clinic, having psychotherapeutic preparation done before surgeries, and psychotherapeutic care after them; through that preparation he was able to greatly reduce the dosage of anesthetics needed.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">All the greater then can be \u2014 and in fact is \u2014 the action of psychotherapy in diseases where the neuro-psychic factor is greater and more directly determinant (dyspepsia, spastic constipation, enterocolitis, pseudoappendicitis and \u201cabdominal symptoms,\u201d neuralgia, cardiac neurosis, nervous asthma, functional paralysis, etc. ), and generally in all long-course diseases in which mental or emotional depression, worry or impatience exacerbate or \u201cfix\u201d symptoms and often produce new ones. Of course, this &#8220;General Psychotherapy&#8221; does not exclude proper cures of all kinds; on the contrary, it promotes and enhances their effectiveness. Therefore, psychological treatment methods applicable to general medicine should be known, appreciated and used by all physicians who realize that they are treating human beings and not just &#8220;bodies.&#8221; Otherwise, as Dubois <\/span><\/span><a id=\"note-6\" href=\"#notes-6\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[we]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;wittily put it, there would only be a \u201cdiff\u00e9rence de clientele\u201d between them and veterinarians!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">On the other hand,&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">special psychotherapy&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> is aimed at the treatment of specifically nervous and psychological disorders: anxious states, phobias, obsessive ideas, depressive states, excitability and impulsiveness, abulia and inability to act, etc. These have rare and complex causes [that are usually] unknown to the sufferer himself, since they are produced by contrasts and conflicts that largely originate and take place in that dark region of the psyche of which we are unaware, which has been called the \u201cunconscious.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Psychotherapy of these maladies requires adequate psychopathological culture, difficult training, and special individual training of the physician. It is a delicate work of great responsibility, and must therefore be reserved for competent specialists.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The methods of psychotherapy have grown in number, and have been refined with the rapid progress of this branch of the healing art. The first method used by scientific psychotherapy was hypnotism, and with it Pierre Janet in France, Forel <\/span><\/span><a id=\"note-7\" href=\"#notes-7\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[vii]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;in Switzerland, Braid <\/span><\/span><a id=\"note-8\" href=\"#notes-8\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[viii]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;in England, Morton Prince <\/span><\/span><a id=\"note-9\" href=\"#notes-9\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[ix]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;in America, and others, achieved excellent results. Soon, however, its limitations appeared (it makes the patient too dependent, and does not eliminate the&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">causes&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> of ills). Moreover, it was found that suggestion in the waking state was often just as effective, without presenting the limitations and (at least some of) the drawbacks of hypnotism. This method, supported and popularized especially by Nancy&#8217;s Bernheim, <\/span><\/span><a id=\"note-10\" href=\"#notes-10\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[x]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;has since become widely used. Curative suggestion should be understood in a different sense from [the misconceptions] often attributed to the word, which make it almost synonymous with deception and illusion. It can be defined as the set of procedures by which:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">one elicits the ideas, images, feelings and impulses that tend towards the desired goals.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">one encourages their penetration and action in the unconscious, so that they then spontaneously produce the corresponding physical and psychic states.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">A further advance was the shift from suggestion to autosuggestion; that is, the aim was to make the patient capable, through appropriate teaching and training, of influencing himself on his unconscious and thus influencing his moral and physical conditions.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">This method, which was extensively popularized in simplified form by Emile Cou\u00e9, <\/span><\/span><a id=\"note-11\" href=\"#notes-11\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[xi]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;an empiricist full of fervor and humanitarian sense, was refined and placed on a firm scientific basis by Baudouin, <\/span><\/span><a id=\"note-12\" href=\"#notes-12\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[xii]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;whose book&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Psychologie de la Suggestion et de l&#8217;Autosuggestion&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> (Neuch\u00e2tel, Delachaux &amp; Niestl\u00e9) <\/span><\/span><a id=\"note-13\" href=\"#notes-13\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[xiii]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;is highly recommended.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Even more decisively Dubois, of Bern, addressed the conscious part of the patient through the method of persuasion. <\/span><\/span><a id=\"note-14\" href=\"#notes-14\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[xiv]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;By this the patient is helped to free himself from fears and other harmful emotions, to discipline his sensitivity and exaggerated reactions, to correct his erroneous attitudes, and thus to eliminate some of the causes of his ills.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The methods mentioned above can in many cases be very usefully associated with active re-education of impaired or paralyzed functions. Patients often indulge in discouragement and thus inertia; they often shy away from exertion, and therefore passively suffer their ailments. In such cases active re-education, taught and directed by the doctor, can succeed very beneficially. For example, by this simple procedure I have been able to heal several soldiers who had been suffering from mutism for two or three years as a result of shock suffered in war.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">There are, however, a large number of patients in whom the methods indicated so far are insufficient to produce healing. These sufferers suffer from disorders that have obscure and complex origins that lurk in the shadows of the unconscious, and thus require careful and profound exploration. The main method for such investigation is the much-discussed psychoanalysis.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The contrasts and misunderstandings that exist regarding psychoanalysis depend to a great extent on the confusion that is generally made between the psychoanalytic&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">method<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , which is a technique of psychic investigation and therapy, and the psychoanalytic&nbsp; <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">doctrine&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> elaborated by Freud, <\/span><\/span><a id=\"note-15\" href=\"#notes-15\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[xv]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;composed of interpretations, hypotheses and theories of widely varying value, some ingenious and acceptable, others patently excessive and one-sided; and some which display a complete misunderstanding of the higher aspects of human nature, and which are therefore dangerous and harmful.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">It is not possible on this occasion to delve into a discussion of those theories, no matter how important and vital the issues they cover; we must limit ourselves to a few mentions of psychoanalytic technique.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Psychoanalysis can be regarded as a derivation and development of a method of psychotherapy used by the Viennese physician Breuer, <\/span><\/span><a id=\"note-16\" href=\"#notes-16\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[xvi]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;the cathartic method, which consisted in making the patient recall, under hypnosis, psychic traumas and forgotten impressions that are repressed in the unconscious, and then in discharging by appropriate effort the strong emotions connected with those impressions.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Freud replaced hypnosis with the method of \u201cfree associations;\u201d that is, the patient&#8217;s exposure of every thought, image, memory or other state of mind that spontaneously occurs to him, eliminating all inhibition and criticism. To this he added the analysis of dreams (again by means of free associations), the elimination of the patient&#8217;s psychic &#8220;resistances,&#8221; and the interpretation of the psychic material thus collected. This technique was later developed by Jung, <\/span><\/span><a id=\"note-17\" href=\"#notes-17\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[xvii]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;who used the method of associations provoked by a series of stimulus words, and later by the method of spontaneous drawing by the patient.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The discharge of repressed psychic forces in the unconscious, the elimination of &#8220;resistances,&#8221; and the psychological clarification that results, are beneficial and in many cases lead to the disappearance of even serious disorders.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">But \u2014 apart from the abuses, exaggerations and errors to which it can give rise \u2014 practice has shown that psychoanalysis (even when implemented in the best possible way) is still insufficient to heal a large number of patients who need something more and different. In fact, it often happens that, through psychoanalysis, a patient becomes clearly aware of the various psychic forms existing within him (instincts, passions, tendencies, feelings, ideas, aspirations and ideals) and the conflicts that occur among them, but then does not have the ability and energy to master and direct those forces, and to settle their conflicts.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">It is therefore necessary for the physician to direct and assist him in this work by the use of a method \u2014 or rather a coordinated complex of various methods \u2014 which have been grouped under the name of psychosynthesis. Psychosynthesis includes the following stages (which, however, in treatment do not follow one another in a rigidly systematic way, but can often be carried out, to some extent, simultaneously):<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">1. &#8211; Integral knowledge of the personality of the patient.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">This includes the exploration also of the &#8220;higher unconscious&#8221; or superconscious, by which one discovers the deepest and truest callings, the higher elements of the soul that urgently need to manifest themselves, and which are not infrequently rejected due to misunderstanding, preconceptions or fear. This is the recognition of the spiritual aspects of the human soul. A good contribution to this was made by Jung, who, with this and other valuable contributions, expanded the field and increased the effectiveness of psychotherapy. <\/span><\/span><a id=\"note-18\" href=\"#notes-18\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[xviii]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">2. &#8211; Mastery of the various elements that make up the personality.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The main method by which the patient can be helped to acquire such dominion is to train him to &#8220;objectify,&#8221; so to speak, the elements of his psyche, and to look at them from above. It is based on a general principle of psychic life, according to which &#8220;We are dominated by everything with which our &#8220;I&#8221; or self identifies. We can master everything from which we disidentify.&#8221;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">3. &#8211; Self-realization.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Formation of the &#8220;ideal model&#8221; to be implemented. The patient thus liberated, at least partially, can be helped to acquire clear self-awareness, to create an accurate image of a healed, harmonious and efficient self.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">4. &#8211; Personality reconstruction.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">This can be called the \u201cpsychosynthesis\u201d in the strict sense, and is implemented in turn in various stages:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Utilization of physical and psychic energies through their channeling and harmless, or rather, useful and fruitful expression. This often requires, however, a work of transmutation and sublimation of some of these energies, especially the sexual and combative ones. But there are appropriate psychological techniques that facilitate such &#8220;transformations,&#8221; which have interesting analogies with those of electrical energy. <\/span><\/span><a id=\"note-19\" href=\"#notes-19\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[xix]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"background-color: rgba(8, 26, 40, 0.2);\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Development of the patient&#8217;s deficient elements, either by autosuggestion and creative affirmation or by methodical training.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Coordination and subordination of the various physio-psycho-spiritual elements in a proper hierarchy of values, resulting in the formation of a firm and harmonious personality.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">By means of psychosynthesis, healing of the most complex and profound ills, which involve the whole personality and do not yield to other, more limited cures, is achieved better than by other methods. Among these are some which cause severe suffering in those affected, and which also sometimes constitute a social danger. I allude especially to the various psychosexual disorders and deviations (functional impotence, frigidity, acquired sexual inversion, and deviance of various kinds). <\/span><\/span><a id=\"note-20\" href=\"#notes-20\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[xx]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">All of this concerns the patient taken in isolation; but in reality one must also consider his environment and the vital relationships he or she has with other people. In fact, in many cases the most bitter conflicts that have resulted in the most severe symptoms are not so much the inner ones as those that have arisen between the patient and other people (often those in the family), or between him or her and certain environmental and social conditions. This was highlighted well by Alfred Adler, who based his method of psychotherapy primarily on correcting the instinct of dominance (&#8220;will to power&#8221;), and educating the patient in how to establish right relations with other people and the community.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Such work \u2014 which may be called &#8220;inter-individual psychosynthesis&#8221; \u2014 is the natural complement of individual psychosynthesis, and is especially necessary in the present time, which is full of conflicts and difficult adjustments between individuals and human groups, so that it acquires great social importance.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">From what has been said \u2014 albeit too briefly \u2014 I hope it is clear that psychotherapy has a much greater value and function than is generally believed, not only by the public but also by physicians, especially in Italy. While offering valuable means for the healing of ills that are among the most widespread and tormenting, it can contribute effectively to the collective healing of humanity and to the advent of a better and more harmonious civilization. Therefore, psychotherapy deserves to be increasingly appreciated, disseminated and applied.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"notes-1\"><a href=\"#note-1\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[i]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;Transformation and sublimation of sexual energies (<\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Review of Applied Psychology<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;No. , 1911) &#8211; Transformation and sublimation of combative energies &#8211; The psychology of ideas-forces and psychagogy (<\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Review of Applied Psychology<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , No. 5, 1919).&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> \u2014Original Editor&#8217;s Note.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"notes-2\"><a href=\"#note-2\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[ii]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893), French neurologist and professor, \u201cfounder of modern neurology,\u201d best known today for his work on hypnosis and hysteria.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> -Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"notes-3\"><a href=\"#note-3\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[iii]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;French: \u201cFaith that Heals.\u201d&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> \u2014 Tr.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"notes-4\"><a href=\"#note-4\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[iv]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;Pierre Marie Felix Janet (1859-1947), pioneering French psychologist, physician, philosopher and psychotherapist.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> -Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"notes-5\"><a href=\"#note-5\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[v]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;French: \u201cPsychological automatism.\u201d&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> \u2014 Tr.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"notes-6\"><a href=\"#note-6\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[vi]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;Paul Charles Dubois (1848-1918) was a Swiss neuropathologist.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> -Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"notes-7\"><a href=\"#note-7\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[vii]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;Auguste-Henri Forel (1848-1931), was a Swiss neuroanatomist and psychiatrist, known for his investigations into the human brain; he was a co-founder of the neuron theory.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> -Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"notes-8\"><a href=\"#note-8\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[viii]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;James Braid (1795-1860) Scottish surgeon, philosopher and scientist, was a pioneer of hypnotism and hypnotherapy.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> -Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"notes-9\"><a href=\"#note-9\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[ix]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;Morton Prince (1854-1929) was an American physician who helped establish psychology as a clinical and academic discipline.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> -Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"notes-10\"><a href=\"#note-10\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[x]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;Hippolyte Bernheim (1840-1919) a French physician and neurologist, was known for his theory of suggestibility in relation to hypnotism. \u00c9cole de Nancy (The Nancy School) was a French hypnosis-centered school of psychotherapy, which was opposed to the Paris School of Charcot.<\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;-Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"notes-11\"><a href=\"#note-11\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[xi]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;Emile Cou\u00e9 (1857-1926) was a French psychologist and pharmacist who introduced a popular method of&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychotherapy\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> psychotherapy<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;and&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Self-help\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> self-improvement<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> based on&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optimism\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> optimistic <\/span><\/span><\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autosuggestion\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">autosuggestion<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> .&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> -Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"notes-12\"><a href=\"#note-12\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[xii]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;Charles Baudouin (1893-1963) was a French psychoanalyst.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> -Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"notes-13\"><a href=\"#note-13\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[xiii]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;<em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Suggestion and Autosuggestion: A Psychological and Pedagogical Study based upon the Investigations Made by the New Nancy School&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> (1922).&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> -Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"notes-14\"><a href=\"#note-14\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[xiv]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;&#8220;Persuasion therapy&#8221; is considered by some to be an early form of rational or cognitive therapy.<\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> -Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"notes-15\"><a href=\"#note-15\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[xv]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was an Austrian neurologist who founded psychoanalysis and formed a school of therapy and theory which many younger psychoanalysts such as Jung, Adler and Assagioli eventually rejected.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> -Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"notes-16\"><a href=\"#note-16\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[xvi]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;Josef Breuer (1842-1925) was an Austrian physician who made discoveries in neurophysiology, and whose &#8220;talking cure&#8221; formed the basis of psychoanalysis as developed by Sigmund Freud. Breuer appreciated Freud&#8217;s contributions to psychoanalysis but did not agree with Freud&#8217;s \u201cabsolute and exclusive formulations.\u201d<\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> -Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"notes-17\"><a href=\"#note-17\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[xvii]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;CG Jung (1875-1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist who for a time joined Freud&#8217;s psychoanalysis, but left the Freudian group and the Psychoanalytical Association, forming his own version which he called analytical psychology.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> -Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"notes-18\"><a href=\"#note-18\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[xviii]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;Here are some of his significant expressions: &#8220;To be &#8216;normal&#8217; is the ideal aim . . . for all those who are still below the general level of adaptation. But for people of more than average ability . . . the moral compulsion to be nothing but normal signifies the bed of Procrustes \u2014 deadly and insupportable boredom, a hell of sterility and hopelessness. Consequently there are just as many people who become neurotic because they are merely normal, as there are people who are neurotic because they cannot become normal.&#8221;(<\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> The problem of the unconscious in modern psychology,&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Turin, Einaudi 1942 p. 25). This theme was developed in my essay:&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Spiritual Development and Nervous Diseases&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> (Rome, Institute of Psychosynthesis, 1933).&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> \u2014Author&#8217;s Note.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> This translation is taken from&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> The Collected Works of CG Jung<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , complete digital edition, V.1-19, Edited and Translated by G. Adler and RCF Hull.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> \u2014 Tr.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"notes-19\"><a href=\"#note-19\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[xix]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;This is the theoretical and practical field of bio-psychodynamics.<\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> \u2014Author&#8217;s Note.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"notes-20\"><a href=\"#note-20\" rel=\"nofollow\"><sup><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[xx]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> &nbsp;According to the APA Dictionary, \u201cSexual inversion\u201d is \u201can old name for same-sex behavior or orientation or assumption of the role of the opposite sex,\u201d which would have been the current usage when this essay was written. &#8220;Sexual deviance&#8221; is any sexual behavior, such as paraphilia, that is regarded as significantly different from the standards established by a culture.<\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> -Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Assagioli&#8217;s history of the methods of psychotherapy and their importance for the healing of psychological conflicts, ending in the four-stage psychosynthesis he offers as the synthesis of them all. By Dr. Roberto AssagioliPublished in RADIESTESIA, July\u2013September 1950.Doc. #23111, Assagioli Archive, Florence.Original title: Bio-psicodinamica e PsicoterapiaTranslated and edited with notes by Jan Kuniholm Editorial NoteThe abstract [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":875,"featured_media":20438,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":"[]","tve_updated_post":"","tve_custom_css":"","tve_user_custom_css":"","tve_globals":{},"tcb2_ready":0,"tcb_editor_enabled":0,"tve_landing_page":"","_tve_header":"","_tve_footer":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20426","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-psychosynthesis-and-psychotherapy","entry","override","gs-1","gs-odd","gs-even","gs-featured-content-entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.7 (Yoast SEO v28.7) - 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