{"id":21312,"date":"2024-03-15T13:26:12","date_gmt":"2024-03-15T12:26:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/?p=21312"},"modified":"2026-05-11T17:02:41","modified_gmt":"2026-05-11T16:02:41","slug":"straight-talk-for-adults","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/en\/straight-talk-for-adults\/","title":{"rendered":"Straight Talk For Adults"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-adults-perpetuate-their-own-wounds-in-the-children-they-love-assagioli-on-adult-understanding-of-children-montessori-s-call-and-the-inner-work-parenting-requires\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Adults perpetuate their own wounds in the children they love. Assagioli on adult understanding of children, Montessori&#8217;s call, and the inner work parenting requires.<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Education-and-the-child.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"536\" src=\"https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Education-and-the-child-1024x536.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-21313\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Education-and-the-child-1024x536.png 1024w, https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Education-and-the-child-300x157.png 300w, https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Education-and-the-child-768x402.png 768w, https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Education-and-the-child-400x210.png 400w, https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Education-and-the-child-419x219.png 419w, https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Education-and-the-child.png 1050w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By <strong>Roberto Assagioli<\/strong><br>Four-part series published in <em>Montessori<\/em> (monthly magazine of the Opera Montessori foundation), 1931-1932.<br>Docs. #23741, #23743, #23744, #23748, #23751, Assagioli Archives, Florence.<br>Original title: <em>Parole Franche Agli Adulti \u2014 I-4<\/em> <a href=\"#_ftn1\" id=\"_ftnref1\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[1]<\/span><\/span><\/a><br>Translated and edited with notes by Jan Kuniholm <a href=\"#_ftn2\" id=\"_ftnref2\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[2]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Editorial Note<\/strong><br>The abstract and contextual subtitle in this online edition have been added by the editor, Kenneth S\u00f8rensen, to support readability, navigation, and archival consistency. The original wording has not been altered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dots\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-abstract\">Abstract<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is a four-part series Assagioli published in 1931-1932 in <em>Montessori<\/em>, the monthly magazine of the Opera Montessori foundation. Drawing on Maria Montessori&#8217;s &#8220;crusade of liberation&#8221; and his own clinical work, he argues that adults often hinder rather than help the children they love, perpetuating their own wounds onto the next generation unless they engage in serious self-reflection. The series presents an early published version of his egg-diagram model of the psyche (Lower, Middle, and Higher Subconscious; the Conscious &#8220;I&#8221;; the Spiritual &#8220;I&#8221;), explores the rhythms of inner formation, and introduces individual psychological types as a framework for treating each child according to their nature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dots\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-part-i\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Part I.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">For many years Maria Montessori <\/span><\/span><a id=\"_ftnref3\" href=\"#_ftn3\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[3]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> has promoted her holy crusade for the redemption of the child with both the fervor of an apostle and the seriousness of a scientist. Now, having returned to Italy after a long absence, she has resumed this work among us with renewed energy by means of her international courses, articles in journals and newspapers, and the founding of the magazine which bears her name.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Beneficial results of this noble work of love and science are beginning to be noticed, but there is still infinitely much to be done to break through the thick veils of illusions, prejudices, and distrust that obscure the truth. Therefore, I feel that it is a definite duty for all those who have seen and recognized the new light to cooperate with all their strength and in every possible way with Dr. Montessori&#8217;s crusade of liberation, extending it more and more to adolescents as well.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">This series of articles aims to be a small contribution to that work. In them I will try to summarize the results of my own experience and activity as a physician and psychologist, and [conclusions] from the studies of others who have worked in this field in various ways.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">First of all, we must realize the seriousness and urgency of the issue. The problem of relationships between adults and children and adolescents is difficult and complex, and we must face this courageously, sincerely, without fear of hurting our adult sensitivities, pride, and selfishness.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">We must begin by acknowledging a rather disconcerting and humiliating truth: in general, <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">we do not understand the child and the adolescent at all<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> . Far from helping him, as we often delude ourselves about what we do, <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">we continually hinder him in his formation and vital expression<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> . To use Maria Montessori&#8217;s strong and succinct expression: &#8221; <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The child tries to live and we want to prevent him from doing so.&#8221; <\/span><\/span><\/em> <a id=\"_ftnref4\" href=\"#_ftn4\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[4]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The results of our blindness are ruinous. Countless failures must be attributed to it as well as the unhappiness of young people and adults, a great many cases of nervous and mental illnesses, and even certain more serious cases of crime and suicide.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The victims of these vital hindrances and mutilations can be divided into three main categories:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">the downtrodden<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , who, deprived of their normal impulses and impulses become the losers of life.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">the repressed<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , whose energies are forcibly driven back into the subconscious <\/span><\/span><a id=\"_ftnref5\" href=\"#_ftn5\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[5]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> but are neither extinguished nor transformed, and which make them hysterical, phobic, or obsessed.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">the rebels<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , who, embittered and enraged by adult oppression, overreact violently to the point of becoming antisocial, extremists, or anarchists.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Even in the apparently fortunate cases, in those who seem to have remained unharmed, there has actually been an incalculable squandering of precious time and energy \u2014 there has been an incomplete development of their personality, so that they know how to actualize only a little of the rich, wonderful potential of the human soul.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">But that is not enough: these evils do not stop with the individual; they spread in the family and society, and they propagate over time. As Dr. Bircher-Benner <\/span><\/span><a id=\"_ftnref6\" href=\"#_ftn6\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[6]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> rightly notes, &#8220;the same errors of upbringing perpetrated on a child will later be perpetrated by her on her children when she becomes a mother.&#8221; <\/span><\/span><a id=\"_ftnref7\" href=\"#_ftn7\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[7]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">We must therefore fully realize once and for all this enormous responsibility that we adults have. We must have the courage to recognize in all its gravity the painful paradox that parents and teachers, the very people who often sincerely love children and should protect them and help the new shoots sprouting on the great tree of life, are the architects of their harm and ruin.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">How can this happen?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The root cause of it is the fundamental and harmful illusion that &#8220;it is enough to love your children to know how to raise and educate them properly.&#8221; This persuasion is so ingrained, especially in mothers, that when one attempts to fight it, or even to question it, passionate reactions and violent resistance are provoked. But passionate reactions and offended feelings do not change this hard truth: <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">even the most dedicated love, such as a mother&#8217;s love, can produce disastrous effects when not combined with understanding, enlightened by intelligence, and directed by wisdom.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">To <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">truly, fully understand<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> is much more difficult than we think, and we are still a long, long way from it! Maria Montessori convincingly demonstrated our deep misunderstanding of children, and asserted that this is primarily due to our ignorance of the radical differences between children and adults.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Moreover, the adult understands neither the child nor himself, because he ordinarily can know and observe only one part \u2014 the smallest part \u2014 of his own and others&#8217; personality: the part which appears on the surface, which appears in the light of consciousness. But the studies of Janet, Freud, Prince, and so many others have now shown with certainty that <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">there is another and larger psychic life which takes place in us without our realizing it.<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> There is a multitude of thoughts, memories, images, instincts, impulses, and subconscious desires that stir in us without our knowledge and yet profoundly affect our attitudes, reactions, and decisions, our whole way of thinking and conducting ourselves \u2014 and the less we are aware of them, the more they dominate us. It is easy to imagine what complications, misunderstandings, errors of judgment and behavior this produces in the way we act with children.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Then there is the serious question of <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">adolescence<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> . This is an age of crisis and transformation, in which the state of the personality is chaotic, and in which sexual, moral and religious problems arise and become more acute. For some time now various scholars (I will name Stanley Hall, <\/span><\/span><a id=\"_ftnref8\" href=\"#_ftn8\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[8]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Mendousse, <\/span><\/span><a id=\"_ftnref9\" href=\"#_ftn9\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[9]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Evard, <\/span><\/span><a id=\"_ftnref10\" href=\"#_ftn10\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[10]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> and Marro <\/span><\/span><a id=\"_ftnref11\" href=\"#_ftn11\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[11]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> among many) have begun to study the psychology of adolescents with scientific method, so that we have already acquired considerable data, and various unresolved problems have at least been discovered and raised. But parents, even those of the educated and upper classes, with a few rare exceptions, have not the slightest idea of \u200b\u200ball this. Yet it is then (in adolescence) that the bitterest conflicts with adults erupt; it is then that the fate of a life is generally decided; that is, such a life is not infrequently marked by failure.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">There is yet another important cause of misunderstanding and struggle between adults and young people: <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">the different mentality of successive generations<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> . This has always existed and we have a good document of it, both artistic and stoic, in Turgenev&#8217;s novel <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Fathers and Sons<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> . <\/span><\/span><a id=\"_ftnref12\" href=\"#_ftn12\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[12]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> In our time this divergence has increased and the conflict has worsened, both because we are in a period of transition and general crisis \u2014 in a kind of collective adolescence of mankind \u2014 and because the accelerated pace of life and the rapidity of changes mean that the &#8220;psychological distance&#8221; is now much greater than in the past.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">All these causes of misunderstandings and evils are of a general nature. But to them are added others of an individual character; namely, the particular shortcomings of each parent or teacher. As we have already mentioned, educational mistakes suffered in childhood are often repeated by the adult on the new generation. Then there are numerous deficiencies, impairments and abnormalities of the adult psyche, either of a constitutional nature or produced by the events, adversities, and blows of life, which have harmful repercussions on children and students. These include, for example, the abuse of authority; the waiting of one&#8217;s bad moods or \u201cnerves;\u201d overly passionate and possessive love; overly anxious and oppressive affection; emotional partiality that produces the contrasting damage of the \u201cfavorite child\u201d or the \u201cCinderella;\u201d identification [of the adult] with the child so as to overwhelm him or her with one&#8217;s own personality and distort it; etc.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Particularly harmful are the differences in viewpoints and educational methods [which result in] arguments and fights between parents, of which too often the children are witnesses, and not infrequently the object.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The causes of harm are thus many and serious, but they should not lead us to discouragement, and thus to inaction. <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">It is possible to eliminate them<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> ; and that being possible, <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">it is a definite duty to do so<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> . The most important and beneficial work is the <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">prevention<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> of harm, and as we shall see, this consists essentially in recognizing its various causes and in correcting them promptly by the means appropriate to each of them. But even when certain mistakes have been made and certain harm has occurred, there is no need to despair. Fortunately, the human soul is changeable, and the same flexibility that has enabled distortions also makes corrective and restorative action possible.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">In fact, in recent decades various methods of psychotherapy for nervous and psychic disorders (suggestion, persuasion, reeducation, psychoanalysis, psychosynthesis, etc.) have been found and widely used, by means of which many adults have been freed from the harmful consequences of [their own] childhood impressions and educational errors. And all the more can these methods heal children and young people from similar disorders, which, being more recent, have had less time to imprint and fix themselves in their souls and bodies.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">This work of prevention and cure, however, requires <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">serious work by adults on themselves<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , and here lies the greatest difficulty! We mostly shy away from doing such work, held back by laziness and moral inertia that arouses our aversion to internal action. We are inhibited or sidetracked by subconscious reluctance and tendencies that do not want to be tamed. A long and bitter struggle is often needed. To fight it and to win it, we can make use of two strong incentives: a serious sense of responsibility for the harmful consequences that our mistakes have on those we love or those entrusted to us; and the inherent beauty and nobility of the work and its twofold usefulness.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">For this work of knowledge and self-mastery liberates ourselves from ignorance, bondage, and suffering even before it frees our children and students; it makes us more worthy before ourselves, before others, and before God.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-part-ii\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Part II.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-divergence-between-the-adult-and-the-child-the-subconscious\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The divergence between the adult and the child \u2014 The Subconscious<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The primary, fundamental cause of misunderstanding between adults and children and its painful consequences is, as we have mentioned, our ignorance or disregard of the radical difference that exists between us and them.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">This difference was brought out by Dr. Montessori so perspicuously and effectively that I can do no better than to quote some of her words on the subject:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The child must struggle with his parents, with those who gave him life. And this is because his childhood life is &#8216;different&#8217; from that of his parents: the child must &#8216;form&#8217; himself while his parents have already formed themselves. The child has to move a lot to [learn to] coordinate his still disordered movements. The parents, on the other hand, [already] have organized voluntary mobility and can control their movements; perhaps they are often tired from work. The child does not yet have well-developed senses: the powers of adaptation are insufficient and he must help himself to become aware of objects as well as space by touch, with feeling. . . In contrast, parents have developed senses \u2014 they do not need to touch. Children are eager to get acquainted with the outside world: parents know it to the full. Therefore they do not understand each other. Parents would like children to be like them, and this being different is a &#8216;badness.&#8217; <\/span><\/span><a id=\"_ftnref13\" href=\"#_ftn13\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[13]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">And elsewhere:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The adult is the able, strong-willed being who transforms the environment and puts all his activity into the external world; the child is the individual who also does a great work, however, it is profoundly different and opposite \u2014 the work of forming a human being. <\/span><\/span><a id=\"_ftnref14\" href=\"#_ftn14\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[14]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Understanding and respecting this wonderful work of the child is the first duty of the adult.<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> The adult must free himself from the presumptuous and harmful illusion that it is he who can \u2014 who must \u2014 shape the new person that is being formed. To use a witty and effective comparison by Maria Montessori, it would be ridiculous and absurd for a mother-to-be to worry about how to build the skeleton, how to attach the muscles, how to arrange the organs of the little being being formed in her womb. <\/span><\/span><a id=\"_ftnref15\" href=\"#_ftn15\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[15]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> This is taken care of by itself, by the mysterious energy and intelligence that is immanent in the organism being developed.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">In the same way, the claims and concerns of educators, who are busy building the child&#8217;s personality from the outside, as if it were a set of Legos or a building, are unjustified. Unfortunately, the child is not protected as the fetus is: he is at the mercy of his &#8220;educators,&#8221; who often spoil his very delicate inner organism by their coarse and intemperate actions and expressions.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Let it not be thought that this should lead to educational inaction or to abandoning the child to himself. Developing the analogy, it can be said that just as the mother-to-be can do a great deal for her child-in-formation, creating the most favorable physical and psychic environment for her and offering her the healthiest and purest foods; so the educator can greatly foster the self-formation of the child by surrounding her with a favorable environment, offering her the most suitable stimuli for her faculties and the most timely help for her needs, based on a wise study of the phases and laws of the child&#8217;s spontaneous growth.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">In this lies the originality and value of the Montessori method and material.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">* * *<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">To fully understand how the infant soul is formed and developed, it is necessary to know the nature and laws of subconscious psychic activity. And understanding the formation and development of the child is also the only way to fully understand how the adult is made up. It is therefore a study that doubly deserves our attention.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Because of the very nature of subconscious psychic life, we cannot have direct and immediate knowledge of it, just as we cannot see the organs within our bodies. However, that inner activity, like the bodily organs, provides visible outward manifestations that reveal its existence and general characteristics. Also there are methods of sounding and exploring the interior of the soul, procedures of psychoanalysis, which, similar to radioscopy and surgery for the body, allow us to lay bare certain aspects and activities of our subconscious.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The first manifestations of the subconscious psychic life that were observed and studied were the abnormal ones, which attracted the attention of scholars and aroused their curiosity the most because of their strangeness and prominence, as well as the morbid ones that required appropriate treatment.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">First of all, there is the strange state that is created in <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">hypnosis<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> . In it normal waking consciousness is suspended, but there is a <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">sui generis <\/span><\/span><\/em><a id=\"_ftnref16\" href=\"#_ftn16\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[16]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> psychic activity which sometimes demonstrates faculties that are even higher than the individual&#8217;s normal ones, and this is precisely the surfacing of what usually stays in the subconscious. That such activity continues even during waking life is proven by experiments with posthypnotic suggestions. <\/span><\/span><a id=\"_ftnref17\" href=\"#_ftn17\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[17]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">A spontaneous surfacing of the subconscious also occurs in certain morbid states such as <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">somnambulism<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> and <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">delusions<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> . Most interesting for the flashes of light they throw on the perplexing mystery of the human soul are the strange cases of <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">psychic dissociation<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> in which two and even more different and sometimes conflicting personalities alternate in the same individual. <\/span><\/span><a id=\"_ftnref18\" href=\"#_ftn18\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[18]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Among the normal manifestations of the subconscious, the best known and most obvious are <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">dreams<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> . This has always interested mankind, which has sensed in it a means of penetrating deeper inner regions, to have clues to a larger and more obscure world, from which warnings and omens come to people. And for the past few decades psychological investigations have tended to both correct and also partially to confirm and clarify many inferences and divinations in this field.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Less obvious, because it is more elementary and \u201csubterranean,\u201d but essential to our life, is <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">the subconscious psychic activity that regulates organic life<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , from that of individual cells to the complex and wonderful functional coordination and correlations of the nervous system, of internal secretions, and of the great circulatory, digestive, and internal ecosystems. The fact that these are not only physico-chemical reactions, but that they are regulated by an intelligence and are all directed towards a purpose \u2014 the preservation, growth, and propagation of life \u2014 has been demonstrated to us in a way that seems convincing to anyone free from materialistic and doctrinaire preconceptions. <\/span><\/span><a id=\"_ftnref19\" href=\"#_ftn19\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[19]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Then there are <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">many actions that we perform without conscious attention<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , such as performing well-rehearsed pieces of music, walking the streets while thinking about something else, etc. These are called \u201cautomatic actions,\u201d but in reality they require in some cases an adaptation to new circumstances, which is not a stereotypical repetition, but involves the intervention of intelligence.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">If we sometimes behave in this way without realizing it, we often, in fact it can be said that <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">we almost always act while ignoring the real motives that drive us to perform our actions<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> . Just as one who has undergone a posthypnotic suggestion does something without knowing that it is determined not by his conscious will but by a force buried in his subconscious and operating there unbeknownst to him, so we all generally act under the impetus of motives that we ignore \u2014 of deep impulses, of dark forces stirring within us. The &#8220;reasons&#8221; that we believe we act on are only pretexts and masquerades used by those forces to delude us; they induce us to believe them, indeed often to willingly affirm them. <\/span><\/span><a id=\"_ftnref20\" href=\"#_ftn20\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[20]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Sometimes those illusions can be useful, but more often they are harmful, even nefarious. Our gravest errors stem from them and to them must be ascribed many of the disabilities, distortions and sufferings that adults inflict on children and young people.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Another, and more fruitful, function of the subconscious is <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">the processing of experiences, of what has been perceived and learned.<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> It is a process quite analogous to that of digestion and assimilation of food by the physical organism, which is regulated by natural laws and occurs in well-defined ways. But just as in physical nutrition, so in the even more delicate psychic diet all kinds of mistakes are made in the quantity and quality of food and in the duration and frequency of meals. And again: just as the digestive system of children is particularly sensitive and suffers most from the aforementioned errors, so it is with their very delicate psychic assimilation system. It has <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">particular<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> modes and rhythms that must be known and respected.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Subconscious processing is often the first stage of higher unconscious activity: <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">inspiration and invention<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> . These are known to take place largely independent of the conscious will, which has no direct control over them, which is apparent from the poets&#8217; emotional invocations to their Muse, symbol of the subconscious, to be favorable to them. Artistic, scientific, and philosophical inspirations show us that there is a higher sphere in our soul, a level of spiritual life higher than that at which our ordinary personality feels, thinks and operates, and which well deserves the name of <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">superconscious<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> . When the consciousness succeeds in rising to that subtle and luminous region it has new and more vivid experiences: there it experiences aesthetic and mystical ecstasies, there it glimpses greater truths, there it draws the energies for great sacrifices and moral heroism; there also more subtle capacities of perception and beneficial supernormal healing and arousing powers are awakened in it. <\/span><\/span><a id=\"_ftnref21\" href=\"#_ftn21\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[21]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">As can be seen, the manifestations of subconscious psychic activity are multifaceted and of very different nature and value. Therefore we believe it appropriate to sort them into various groups and also to indicate their relations to each other and to the waking consciousness by means of a graphic scheme [below] which, if it is far from rendering the richness and variety of psychic life, yet it may prove not unhelpful for a first orientation in this world which is closer to us than the external one, but which we still know so little about! <\/span><\/span><a id=\"_ftnref22\" href=\"#_ftn22\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[22]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/egg-diagram.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"477\" height=\"601\" src=\"https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/egg-diagram.png\" alt=\"Assagioli's egg diagram\" class=\"wp-image-21379\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/egg-diagram.png 477w, https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/egg-diagram-238x300.png 238w, https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/egg-diagram-397x500.png 397w, https:\/\/kennethsorensen.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/egg-diagram-419x528.png 419w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 477px) 100vw, 477px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Lower Subconscious<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Middle Subconscious<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Higher Subconscious, or Superconscious<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Field of Consciousness<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Conscious \u201cI\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Higher or Spiritual \u201cI\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">(#7 \u201ccollective subconscious\u201d was not shown on the original published diagram)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-lower-subconscious\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Lower Subconscious<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">This includes: 1. The elementary but wonderful psychic activities that govern organic life; 2. The instincts and elemental passions; 3. Many psychic complexes with strong affective tonality; remnants of both near and distant individual, hereditary and atavistic past, (infantile impressions, familial tendencies, psychic formations of the collective subconscious); 4. Elementary and lower types of dreams and imaginative activity; and 5. Certain abnormal and uncontrolled psychic sensitivities of a mediumistic type.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-middle-subconscious\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Middle Subconscious<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">This consists of psychic elements of a nature similar to those of waking consciousness and easily accessible to it. In it takes place the processing of experiences, the preparation of future activities, much of the intellectual (theoretical and practical) and imaginative work, and artistic creation of medium degree and value.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-higher-subconscious-or-superconscious\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Higher Subconscious or Superconscious<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">From it come the higher, artistic, philosophical, and scientific insights and inspirations; the creations of genius: the enlightenment, contemplation, and ecstasy of mystics. Here reside the latent and potential higher energies of the spirit, the faculties and supernormal powers of an elevated type.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-consciousness\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Consciousness<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">This is what we usually call the part of our personality of which we are directly aware, with a term that is not quite scientifically exact but clear and convenient in its brevity. It includes the continuous alternation of psychic elements and all kinds of states of mind (sensations, images, thoughts, feelings, desires, impulses, etc.) that we sense and can observe, analyze and judge.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">If the subconscious has so much importance in the adult, it has much more in the child in whom the circle of clear consciousness is even smaller, in whom its powers are weaker. In a sense it can be said that the child&#8217;s life is almost all subconscious. This means that the child is to a very great extent at the mercy of the influences exerted by the environment and adults. And this is a new confirmation, I would say indeed scientific proof, of the grave responsibility we have towards the young lives entrusted to us, but also of the marvelous opportunities for good that are available to us.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">In the meantime, let us rejoice in the fact that the human soul is far broader, richer, more multifaceted than we thought. On the one hand it deepens to the point of permeating the most minute cells of the body with intelligence, on the other hand it rises to the most lofty and resplendent summits of the Spirit.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-part-iii\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Part III.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-modes-and-rhythms-of-inner-formation\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Modes and Rhythms of Inner Formation<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">One of the most important functions of the subconscious, and at the same time one of the essential &#8220;moments&#8221; of the educational process, is \u2014 as we have mentioned \u2014 <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">the processing of experiences, the vital assimilation of what has been perceived and learned.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">This elaboration can be considered as a true &#8220;psychic gestation,&#8221; which has close analogies with the physical one. Both take place in the depths, in mystery; one in the maternal womb, the other in the intimate recesses of the subconscious. Both are spontaneous and autonomous activities, but delicate and sensitive so as to be easily disturbed and even compromised by external influences. Both culminate finally in the crisis and miracle of &#8220;birth,&#8221; of the manifestation of a new life.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">But psychic life is much more multifaceted and complex than physical life; thus its rhythms are more varied and intricate and the knowledge we have about it is much scarcer. Yet even what little that is known to us so far would be sufficient to avoid serious errors and damage, to provide useful standards for intellectual and artistic work and for educational work \u2014 provided it were generally known and remembered and followed appropriately.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The existence of subconscious processing is demonstrated by the often-observed fact that an action succeeds best after some time has passed since it was learned. Thus to one who is learning to play a musical instrument it usually happens that [after a certain point] the more he persists in repeating a difficult piece the less he succeeds in performing it well. But when, after [stopping his practice for] a few hours or a few days, he hesitantly tries to play that piece again, he finds to his delighted surprise that it succeeds perfectly the first time. <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">He has learned it while resting<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The method of a certain English piano teacher is based upon this law: she makes her pupils stop all study three weeks before the examinations, and only a few days before the audition allows them to do technical exercises and review the pieces to be presented. I was assured that in this way her students achieve much better results than other candidates who studied until the last moment.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Similar observations have inspired the paradoxical German proverb, \u201cOne learns to swim in winter and skate in summer.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">* * *<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Admitting this basic fact leads us to the desire to know its modalities more precisely; and the question arises, &#8220;How long must be the rest to allow the processing?&#8221; This question cannot be answered precisely and categorically. Psychological rhythms are far more complex and changeable than organic ones, and the creatures of our soul are far more different from each other in structure, size, value, than the children of our flesh.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">One can only formulate a very general law, that <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The more important and significant a stimulus is, and the more the connections with existing psychic elements that it makes in the subconscious, the longer is the processing period.<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> We have a famous example of this in Goethe&#8217;s <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Faust<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , the development of which went on during much of the long life of its author, who anticipated [completing] it on several occasions over many years.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">But the action of this law is often and greatly affected by the fact that, while in physical gestation usually only one new life is formed and only rarely two or three, in psychic gestation there is a <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">coexistence of numerous parallel processes<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> which may have begun at different times, have different rhythms, and which often influence each other, supporting or obstructing, intertwining or repelling [each other].<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Indeed, this profound life can be compared to a marvelous polyphony in which various &#8220;voices&#8221; alternate and overlap to create a complex and rich music. According to the beautiful motto of St. Hildegard: <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Symphonialis est anima<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> . <\/span><\/span><a id=\"_ftnref23\" href=\"#_ftn23\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[23]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Unfortunately, in the human soul there are often painful disharmonies, and harsh conflicts. Often its life rather resembles certain chaotic modern music, without [melodic] line, without regular rhythm, full of dissonances \u2014 or even the cacophony of instruments [tuning up] before an orchestral concert \u2014 rather than a well-constructed Bach fugue!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">However, this should not lead us to abandon the study of inner rhythms. Only it is better to do it under the most favorable conditions, in which those processes take place in the simplest, most spontaneous and best observable way. Such a study is far easier in the child than in the adult, first because the psyche of the former is simpler, less modified and deformed by disparate and conflicting influences, and also because in the child the more tenuous and limpid layer of waking consciousness easily allows one to perceive the workings of the subconscious, which often indeed rise freely to the surface.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">But, in addition to these favorable general conditions, it is necessary that during observation the child&#8217;s life should unfold as spontaneously and undisturbed as possible, yet at the same time can be carefully monitored. Now this ideal condition is offered precisely by the Montessori Method, <\/span><\/span><a id=\"_ftnref24\" href=\"#_ftn24\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[24]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> which thus adds to its immense educational merits that of constituting an excellent means of scientific observation and psychological experiment. <\/span><\/span><a id=\"_ftnref25\" href=\"#_ftn25\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[25]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">In fact, for more than 15 years Maria Montessori and her students have collected a wealth of most interesting observations and results, which have been set forth by her in the chapter titled &#8220;My Experimental Contribution&#8221; in the Work <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Self-Education in the Elementary Schools<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> . <\/span><\/span><a id=\"_ftnref26\" href=\"#_ftn26\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[26]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> I consider it appropriate to quote in full the account of the \u201cfundamental finding\u201d that led Montessori to develop her method. It is a historic page that makes the reader feel the <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">frisson<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> of emotion that one has when faced with great discoveries:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">&#8230; I happened to observe a little girl of about three years of age remaining deeply absorbed over interlocking blocks, putting the little wooden cylinders into their respective places. The little girl&#8217;s expression was one of such intense attentiveness, that it seemed to me that this was an extraordinary manifestation: such focus on an object had never been observed in children until then. My conviction about the characteristic instability of attention in the young child \u2014 which passes unerringly from thing to thing \u2014 made me even more sensitive to the phenomenon.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">At first I watched the little girl intensely without disturbing her, and began to count how many times she repeated the exercise, but then, seeing that she went on for a very long time, I took the little chair on which she was sitting, and placed chair and little girl on the table: the little girl quickly picked up her piece, then put it down across the arms of the little chair, and placing the little cylinders in her lap she continued her work. Then I invited all the children to sing: they sang, but the little girl continued undaunted to repeat her exercise even after the brief singing had ceased. I had counted forty-four exercises; and when she finally stopped, this was quite independently of the stimuli of the environment that might have disturbed her, and the child looked around contentedly, almost waking from a restful sleep.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">I think that my unforgettable impression resembled that felt by those who have made a discovery.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">That phenomenon then became common [in what we observed in] children; it could thus be established as a constant reaction that occurs in relation to certain external conditions that may arise. And whenever such a polarization of attention took place, the child began to transform completely, to become calmer, more intelligent and expansive; displaying extraordinary inner qualities, reminiscent of the highest phenomena of consciousness, such as those of conversion.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">It seemed, as if in a saturated solution, that a crystallization point had occurred, around which the whole chaotic, fluctuating mass then gathered into a wonderfully shaped crystal. Similarly, the phenomenon of polarization of attention having occurred, everything disordered and fluctuating that existed in the child&#8217;s consciousness seemed to be organizing itself into an inner creation, whose surprising characteristics were reproduced in each individual.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">This made one think of the life of man, which can remain scattered between one thing and another, in an inner state of chaos, until something special intensely attracts and settles him, and then one has the revelation of himself, and feels that he is beginning to live.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">This spiritual phenomenon, which can involve the entire adult consciousness, is thus but one of the constant aspects of the facts of &#8220;inner formation.&#8221; It is found as a normal beginning of the inner life of children, and accompanies its unfolding, so as to become accessible to research, as an experimental fact.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Thus it was that the child&#8217;s soul gave its revelations, and under the guidance of these arose a method where spiritual freedom was illustrated. <\/span><\/span><a id=\"_ftnref27\" href=\"#_ftn27\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[27]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">An extensive series of subsequent observations made it possible to determine the general and <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">average<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> pace that work takes in a Montessori classroom that is well established and disciplined.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">In the first period of the morning, until about 10 o&#8217;clock, the chosen occupation is generally work that is already known and easy.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">At 10 o&#8217;clock there is a time of great shift, the children are restless, not working at anything, not looking for objects. After a few minutes the most perfect order is established, the children are even immersed in the most intense work: they have chosen new and difficult occupations.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">When this work stops, the children are happy, kind and calm.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">If in the period of &#8220;false fatigue,&#8221; at 10 o&#8217;clock, the unpracticed teacher intervenes, interpreting the phenomenon of suspension or preparation for the great work as disorder, calls the schoolchildren back to herself, &#8220;makes them rest,&#8221; etc., then the agitation persists and the next work does not organize itself. That is, if children are interrupted in their cycle, they lose all the characteristics that are connected with <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">a regularly and fully developed inner function<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> . <\/span><\/span><a id=\"_ftnref28\" href=\"#_ftn28\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[28]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">* * *<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Some of the essential principles of psychological learning and training are evident from these observations.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The first is the importance \u2014 indeed the necessity \u2014 of repetition of the initial stimulus. In this lies the secret of the deepening of that stimulus in the unconscious and thus its effectiveness.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The second is the unifying and formative power of attention which is spontaneous, intense, and concentrated for a long period: this brings about true self-creation or psychosynthesis. The child&#8217;s personality is awakened and organized; new intellectual aptitudes and new moral qualities are manifested in him.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Among these, perhaps the most striking and valuable are the development of discipline and social sense. Children feel the need to have a rule; they become exact and methodical, and experience satisfaction in overcoming difficulties. At the same time they develop respect for the work of others and consideration for their rights; this is because they more frequently observe the work of others and compare it with their own. They broaden the sphere of their interest by placing themselves in a harmonious relationship with their companions and the environment. But there is more: children become capable of obeying spontaneously and willingly. When they are led in teaching lessons where they [themselves] serve as &#8220;subjects of study,&#8221; they willingly comply with what is asked of them, and perform the exercises with interest and not with resignation, as if they were conscious of collaborating with the teacher.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">This shows how respect for spontaneity and the right [degree of] initial freedom produce the effect not of whim, indiscipline and intolerance of any restraint, but rather of prompt obedience and willing cooperation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Each of us can understand what important consequences can be drawn from this finding for education and for the whole system of social and human relations.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">There are many other interesting facts and observations in Montessori&#8217;s book about the &#8220;explosive&#8221; character of the &#8220;discoveries&#8221; made by children and the emergence of their aptitudes; about the joy that accompanies ordinary work, which is indicative of internal growth; about the various rhythms of work (illustrated with clear graphics) of both children who have not yet organized themselves, and those who have reached a higher level of &#8220;order.&#8221;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">That book \u2014 or at least the first part of it, in addition to the chapter we have examined, which contains valuable writings on the various faculties of the child (attention, will, intelligence, imagination), on the environment, the moral question, etc. \u2014 should be read, pondered. . . and followed, not only by teachers, but also by every mother and father who are aware of their serious responsibility and high privilege.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">It is not enough to send children to school, even the best one; the home environment exerts a powerful and unavoidable influence: if it does not educate, it dis-educates; if it does not form, it deforms. School and family should proceed together; teachers and parents, anxious and reverent before the miracle of the &#8220;formation&#8221; of children&#8217;s personalities, should be equally aware of their task, which is that of loving, yet respectful, gentle and wise collaborators in the child&#8217;s self-education.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-part-iv\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Part IV.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-individual-types\"><strong><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Individual Types<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">One of the most difficult problems that arises in education is that of the profound psychological differences that exist among various individuals and that begin to be detected even from the earliest years of life. Different children and young people, even if they belong to the same family and are raised in the same material and moral environment, often react very differently to the same stimuli and influences. It is therefore appropriate, indeed necessary, that educators should first have a clear idea of \u200b\u200bthe various psychological types that exist and then know how each type should be treated.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Modern psychology has replaced the old and generic classifications of temperaments and characters with others that are more precise and more useful practically. A first fundamental distinction among human types is based on the varied prevalence of what CG Jung calls the four basic psychological functions with their spheres of interest and activity.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">These functions are:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Perception<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> (sensory), with its corresponding \u201cfield,\u201d consisting of the body and the external world;<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Feeling<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> (emotional), with its world of passions and feelings;<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Thinking<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , which is expressed in the world of ideas and concepts, of rational relationships;<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Intuition<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> (spiritual), which manifests itself as synthetic vision, illuminative penetration, identification of subject and object, and which has its purest manifestations in the field of aesthetic contemplation and mystical vision and communion.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">These four psychological functions exist in everyone, but they are developed very differently in various individuals. Thus for example, the fourth, the intuitive one, is still latent and not very active in the great majority of present-day humanity.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">According to the varied prevalence of these functions, various psychological types can be distinguished.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">First, four pure types:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The Practical Type<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , characterized by the clear prevalence of the sensory function and the corresponding orientation towards the external world. Generally manual workers such as farmers and laborers belong to this type, as well as diligent housewives, many technicians, surgeons, explorers, and also visual artists with realistic tendencies (especially architects and sculptors);<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The Emotional Type,<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> to which belong people in whom the passionate and affective life prevails. This is a type very common among women and among artists endowed with vivid feelings such as poets and musicians;<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The Mental Type<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , which is predominantly masculine and whose clearest representatives are scientists and philosophers;<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The Intuitive Type<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , to which mainly mystics and certain spiritual artists belong.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">There are the <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">mixed types<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , which are clearly characterized, such as:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The Practical Mental type<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , found, for example, among inventors, merchants, and industrialists;<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The Practical Emotional Type<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , to which belong men of action who have strong passions: for example, leaders and ambitious politicians;<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The Intuitive Emotional Type<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , religious people of a devotional type: emotional mystics and certain artists;<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The Intuitive Mental Type<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> : scientists with active intuition. such as certain mathematicians (H. Poincar\u00e9, Einstein), clinicians, philosophers (Bergson), and speculative mystics (Eckhart).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Another distinction proposed by Jung is based on the movement and direction of the &#8220;vital interest.&#8221; This movement can follow two opposite directions: one centrifugal and the other centripetal. In the centrifugal motion, called <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">extraversion<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , interest turns towards the external world, which is like a field of attraction, a magnet, for the personality. The external world (in the broadest sense, including other people) is the object that captures the attention and affectivity of the subject, that modifies and determines its activities. In contrast, in centripetal motion, called <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">introversion<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , interest becomes detached from the external world and turns towards the subject itself, which, with its modes and qualities, becomes the center of attention, the inner field of observation and activity.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">This double movement of interest, of &#8220;psychic energy,&#8221; usually alternates rhythmically in normal people. Both are fruitful and necessary moments of a complete human life, and their alternation constitutes a foundational rhythm of psychic life. However, even though these two movements alternate harmoniously, balancing each other, in the theoretical &#8220;normal person,&#8221; in real individuals one or the other of them is often prevalent.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Thus we distinguish two great and opposite human types: the <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">extraverts<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , whose vital interest is directed more often and more intensely outwardly; and the <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">introverts<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , in whom interest in the subject himself and his inner activities prevails. The actual existence of these psychological types is easy to demonstrate even if we consider a few salient personalities of each type. For the introverted type the mind immediately turns to Emanuel Kant, who constitutes one of its purest and most extreme exemplars. As is well known, his lack of interest in the outside world was such that he never deigned to move from his small native town, while his constant inexhaustible interest in the inner world, his thought tirelessly attempting to think itself, produced the monumental Three Critiques. <\/span><\/span><a id=\"_ftnref29\" href=\"#_ftn29\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[29]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Other extreme examples of introverts are given to us by those mystics who combined a complete devaluation of the world with an insatiable yearning for inwardness to reach the very profoundest depths of their spirit, such as Meister Eckhart. <\/span><\/span><a id=\"_ftnref30\" href=\"#_ftn30\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[30]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">For the extraverts, our thoughts run first of all to the great men of action who projected themselves outward and left vast footprints of their passage in the world: it suffices to mention Julius Caesar and Napoleon. But in other fields, too, one finds numerous typical extraverts, such as the even more numerous passionate women who pour all their vital interest into a loved one and come to depend on him so much that they sometimes do not know how or want to survive without him.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Even though the existence of these two major types is clear and obvious, the brief hints and examples we have given of them show that each of them includes personalities that are very different from each other and that therefore a further differentiation of more defined types is necessary. This differentiation can be achieved by combining the distinction between introversion and extraversion with the previously mentioned distinction between the various psychological functions. In this way Jung distinguished eight types: the <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">extraverted sensory<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> : the <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">extraverted emotional<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> ; the <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">extraverted mental<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> ; the <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">extraverted intuitive<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> ; and the four corresponding <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">introverted<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> types.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">This classification constitutes an advance and refinement on the previous ones, but it cannot be considered as complete and definitive either. Indeed, it can sometimes be seen that a person is extraverted in one respect and introverted in another. There are, for example, quite a few women who, while they are extraverted in the sphere of feeling (that is, they have strong emotional attachments), they are introverted mentally, taking an interest in continually observing and analyzing their states of mind. Then there are mystics and saints who combined a pronounced mystical introversion with an intense practical extraversion that has made them great men or women of action (St. Teresa, St. Catherine of Siena, St. Ignatius). There are numerous possible combinations of this varied dynamism of vital interest, corresponding to the great psychophysical variety found among human individuals. By examining the types in greater depth, other important differences can be noted, such as those between the active and passive character of extraversion and introversion, and between the various degrees of the original intensity of vital interest. These distinctions may seem complicated and difficult to recognize, and in fact the psychological classification of various individuals is often difficult with regard to more complex individuals or those lacking well-defined characters, even if it is easy in extreme types. However, in children and young people the psychic constitution is mostly still simple, and can be seen in a direct and spontaneous way, and therefore, the distinction of the various types is easier.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn1\" href=\"#_ftnref1\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[1]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> The literal translation of the title is \u201cFrank Words for Adults.\u201d This was a four-part series of articles published in successive issues of <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Montessori: Pubblicazione Mensile dell&#8217;Ente Morale \u201cOpera Montessori,\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> the monthly magazine of the Montessori educational foundation, in 1931-1932. The published version of Part I is not in the Archives, so two typed versions of Part I of this essay were consulted. The published versions, which are found in the Archives, were followed for Parts II, III and IV. Dr. Assagioli clearly believed in the continuing importance of what he presents in this essay, for he used some of this material in later lectures and publications. <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">-Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn2\" href=\"#_ftnref2\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[2]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Interpolations by editor are shown in [brackets]. <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">-Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn3\" href=\"#_ftnref3\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[3]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Maria Montessori (1870-1952) was an Italian physician and educator best known for her philosophy of education and her writing on scientific pedagogy. She developed an educational method which bears her name and was the author of numerous books. Her Method has been used in public and private schools world-wide. <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">-Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn4\" href=\"#_ftnref4\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[4]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> from <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">L&#8217;auto educazione nelle<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> scuole elementari [ <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Self-<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Education in Elementary Schools ] <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">,<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> (Rome, Maglione e Strini, 1916, p. 220). <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u2014Author&#8217;s Note.<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> This may be the same volume translated into English by Arthur Livingston in 1917 as <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The Montessori Elementary Material,<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> which is still available. <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">-Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn5\" href=\"#_ftnref5\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[5]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Note that in later writings Dr. Assagioli used the term &#8220;unconscious&#8221; in this context and elsewhere in this series of essays. <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">-Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn6\" href=\"#_ftnref6\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[6]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Maximilian Bircher-Benner, MD (1867-1939) was a Swiss physician and pioneer nutritionist, the value of whose teachings was not realized until the discovery of vitamins in fruits and vegetables. <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">-Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn7\" href=\"#_ftnref7\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[7] <\/span><\/span><\/a> <em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Der Menschenseele<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> [ <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The Living Soul<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> ] Not I &#8211; Zurich und Leipzig, Wendepunkt Verlag, 1929, p. 165. <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u2014Author&#8217;s Note.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn8\" href=\"#_ftnref8\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[8]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Granville Stanley Hall (1846-1924) was a pioneering American psychologist, first President of the American Psychological Association and first President of Clark University, and author of <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Adolescence<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> (2 volumes, 1907). <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">-Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn9\" href=\"#_ftnref9\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[9]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Pierre Mendousse, author of <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">L&#8217; <\/span><\/span><\/em><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u00e2me de l&#8217;adolescent<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> [ <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The Soul of the Adolescent<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> ] <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">,<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Paris, Alcan, 1909. <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u2014Ed.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn10\" href=\"#_ftnref10\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[10]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Marguerite Evard (1880-1950), Swiss psychologist and teacher, author of <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">L&#8217;Adolescence,<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> 1914. <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u2014Ed.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn11\" href=\"#_ftnref11\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[11]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Antonio Marro (1840-1913), Italian psychiatrist, known for studies of criminality and puberty. <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">-Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn12\" href=\"#_ftnref12\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[12] <\/span><\/span><\/a> <em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Father and Sons<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> (1862), by Russian novelist Ivan Turgenev, documented the growing divide between two generations of Russians and reflected a growing cultural schism, and was the first Russian work to gain prominence in the western literary world. <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">-Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn13\" href=\"#_ftnref13\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[13] <\/span><\/span><\/a> <em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">L&#8217;autoeducazione nelle<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> scuole elementari [ <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Self-education<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> in elementary schools ], pp. 219-220. <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u2014Author&#8217;s Note.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn14\" href=\"#_ftnref14\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[14] \u201cL&#8217;adulto e il bambino nella nuov\u00e0 educazione <\/span><\/span><\/a><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> \u201d [\u201cThe Adult and the Child in the <\/span><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">New Education \u201d], in <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Il Loto<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , Nov.-Dec. 1930, p. 113. <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u2014 <\/span><\/span><\/em><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Author&#8217;s <\/span><\/span><\/em><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Note.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn15\" href=\"#_ftnref15\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[15] <\/span><\/span><\/a> <em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">L&#8217;autoeducazione nelle scuole elementaryi,<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> op.cit., p. 26. <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u2014Author&#8217;s Note.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn16\" href=\"#_ftnref16\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[16]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Latin: \u201cunique, individual, in a class by itself.\u201d <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">-Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn17\" href=\"#_ftnref17\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[17]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> These consist of commands of the hypnotist that the subject then performs awake, hours and even days later, without knowing anything about the suggestion that was accepted, believing to act of his own free will. <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u2014Author&#8217;s Note.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn18\" href=\"#_ftnref18\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[18]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> See R. Assagioli, &#8220;La psicologia del subcosciente <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">,<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> II. Personalit\u00e0 alternanti e concosienti&#8221; [&#8220;The Psychology of the Subconscious. Part II: Alternating and conscious personalities.&#8221;] in <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Psyche<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , 1. 1912, year 3. <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u2014Author&#8217;s Note.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn19\" href=\"#_ftnref19\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[19]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> See W. Mackenzie, <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Alle fonti della Vita\u201d [\u201cAt the Sources of Life\u201d] <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">,<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Genoa. Form genius. 1912; also the extensive bibliography published in <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Psyche<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> II. 1913. n. 6. <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u2014Author&#8217;s Note.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn20\" href=\"#_ftnref20\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[20]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> See the extensive psychoanalytic literature. Some simple and demonstrative examples are acutely analyzed by Freud in <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Psychopathologie des Alltagslebens<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> [ <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The Psychopathology of Everyday Life<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> ] (Berlin, Karger, 1910). <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u2014Author&#8217;s Note.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn21\" href=\"#_ftnref21\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[21]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> SeeMyers, FW <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The Human Personality and Its Survival of Bodily Death.<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> London, Longman Greens, 1902. <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u2014Author&#8217;s Note.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn22\" href=\"#_ftnref22\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[22]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> The diagram shown is taken from later writings by the author and is identical to the diagram first appearing in this essay except for the use of the word \u201cunconscious\u201d instead of \u201csubconscious,\u201d and except for the addition of #7, \u201cthe collective unconscious\u201d which was added to the diagram later. <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">-Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn23\" href=\"#_ftnref23\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[23]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Latin: \u201csoul is symphony [or harmony].\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn24\" href=\"#_ftnref24\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[24]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> The Montessori Method is a unique form of early education developed by Maria Montessori. The program is presented in several books in English, including <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">The Montessori Method. -Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn25\" href=\"#_ftnref25\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[25]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> This last sentence and all of the following portion of this section of this essay also appeared in the author&#8217;s 1956 essay titled \u201cModes and Rhythms of Psychological Formation.\u201d <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">-Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn26\" href=\"#_ftnref26\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[26] <\/span><\/span><\/a> <em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">L&#8217;autoeducazione nelle scuole elementari<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , by Maria Montessori, published in 1916 and available in modern editions. A variety of Montessori&#8217;s works are available in English-language editions. These quotations are taken directly from Assagioli&#8217;s essay without reference to the original work, for which the author gave no specific citation. <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u2014 Tr.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn27\" href=\"#_ftnref27\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[27] <\/span><\/span><\/a> <em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">L&#8217;autoeducazione nelle<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> scuole elementari [ Self <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">-education<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> in Elementary Schools ] (Rome, Maglione and Strini. 1916), pp. 51-52. <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u2014Author&#8217;s Note<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn28\" href=\"#_ftnref28\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[28]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Ibid. pp. 74-75. <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u2014Author&#8217;s Note.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn29\" href=\"#_ftnref29\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[29]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), a German philosopher from K\u00f6nigsberg, was author of <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Reason, and Critique of Judgment<\/span><\/span><\/em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> , which are considered major works in the history of western philosophy. <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">-Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a id=\"_ftn30\" href=\"#_ftnref30\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">[30]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"> Eckhart von Hochheim, commonly known as Meister Eckhart (c.1260-c.1328) was a German Dominican theologian, philosopher and mystic. <\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span dir=\"auto\" style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">-Oath.<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Adults perpetuate their own wounds in the children they love. Assagioli on adult understanding of children, Montessori&#8217;s call, and the inner work parenting requires. By Roberto AssagioliFour-part series published in Montessori (monthly magazine of the Opera Montessori foundation), 1931-1932.Docs. #23741, #23743, #23744, #23748, #23751, Assagioli Archives, Florence.Original title: Parole Franche Agli Adulti \u2014 I-4 [1]Translated [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":875,"featured_media":21313,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":"","tve_updated_post":"","tve_custom_css":"","tve_user_custom_css":"","tve_globals":{},"tcb2_ready":0,"tcb_editor_enabled":0,"tve_landing_page":"","_tve_header":"","_tve_footer":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-21312","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-psychosynthesis-and-education","entry","override","gs-1","gs-odd","gs-even","gs-featured-content-entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.9 (Yoast SEO v27.9) - 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